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In the absence of random assignment, the treatment of territorial units for statistical aggregation (neighbourhoods and/or census tracts) as belonging to the experimental or control group will depend on the object of analysis:
1) To estimate the impact of specific interventions modifying the urban physical environment on the incidence of each NCD, territorial units will be assigned to the experimental or control group according to their belonging to the isochronal area of the intervention analysed, with radius set according to the distance-decay effect identified in the literature (Location: Valencia, Rijeka).
2) To identify and measure the association between the characteristics of the urban environment and prevalence of NCD risk behaviours, territorial units – neighbourhoods – will be clustered according to the physical and functional characteristics of the urban environment. This design would allow for inter-cluster comparisons of the prevalence of associated risk behaviours (Location: Valencia, Rotterdam).